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Mark T i have looked at this extensively…there is a study where shouldice repairs led to 25 percent chronic pain…check the FB groups….tons of people there complaining about shouldice pain…my lying mesh docs told me they had seen a bunch of patients with chronic pain from “that clinic” ie shouldice….those that don’t have chronic pain nearly all confess to periodic pain…a dog pulling hard…lifting a baby…lifting weights….the chronic pain rates are way way higher than the surgeons are telling us